Sunday, December 4, 2016

BIOLOGY TEST PAPER-1 (NEET PATTERN) WITH SOLUTION

FULL TEST PAPER -1 (BIOLOGY)
1.     Which of the following is a defining characteristic of a living organism?
a.     Consciousness
b.     Reproduction
c.      Metabolism
d.     Cellular organisation
2.     Systematics deals with study of:-
a.     Distribution of living organisms
b.     Classification of living organisms
c.      Diversity of organisms including their inter-relationship
d.     Identification of unknown organisms
3.     The “five-kingdom classification” namely - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia was proposed by?
a.     R.H.Whittaker
b.     Linnaeus
c.      Theophrastus
d.     Aristotle
4.     Specialised cells in cyanobacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen are called?
a.     Nitrosomes
b.     Heterocysts
c.      Hormogonia
d.     Nostocales
5.     Choose the correct statement regarding the given diagram?

a.     Given image represents a bacteriophage
b.     They are larger than bacteria and cannot pass through bacteria-proof filters
c.      It contains both DNA and RNA as genetic material
d.     It causes the mosaic disease of tobacco


6.     Which of the following are unicellular algae, rich in proteins and are used as food supplements by space travellers?
a.     Chlorella and Spirulina
b.     Geledium and Gracilleria
c.      Volvox and Ulothrix
d.     Laminaria and Sargassum

7.     In the life cycle of a plant species a multicellular body called sporophyte developed which was not free-living but attached to the photosynthetic gametophyte and derived nourishment from it. This plant species is most likely to belong to the kingdom:-
a.     Algae
b.     Bryophyte
c.      Pteridophyte
d.     Gymnosperms.

8.     “Moss peat” is used as a packing material for sending flowers and live plants to distant places because?
a.     It is easily available
b.     It is hygroscopic
c.      It reduces transpiration
d.     It serves as a disinfectant

9.     Which among the following  is a coelenterate?
a.     Sea Mouse
b.     Sea Urchin
c.      Sea Pen
d.     Sea cucumber

10.             Which one of the following pairs of animals comprises ‘jawless fishes’?
a.     Guppies and hag fishes
b.     Lampreys and eels
c.      Mackerels and Rohu
d.     Lampreys and hag fishes





11.             Match the given animal phylum with their characteristic features?
                       Phyllum
                    Features
1.     Ctenophora
A.    Presence of ranula
2.     Platyhelminthes
B.     Metameric segments
3.     Annelida
C.     Bioluminescence
4.     Mollusca
D.    Dorsoventrally flattened

a.     1-A 2-D 3-B 4-C
b.     1-B 2-D 3-C 4-A
c.      1-C 2-D 3-B 4-A
d.     1-C 2-B 3-D 4-A
12.             Label the parts of a root tip as shown in the image below:-

a.     A-Root hairs B- zone of maturation C- zone of meristematic activity D- Root cap E- Zone of elongation
b.     A- Root hairs B- Zone of maturation C- Zone of elongation D- Root tip E- Zone of meristematic activity
c.      A- Root hairs B- Zone of elongation C-Zone of maturation D- Root tip E- Zone of meristematic activity
d.     A- Root hairs B- Zone of elongation C- Zone of meristematic activity D- Root cap E- Zone of maturation
13.             Which of the following is not a modification of leaves?
a.     Insect trapping bag of Pitcher plant
b.     Pulvinus
c.      Tendrils
d.     Spines

14.             Casparian strips are present in the _____ of the root?
a.     Pericycle
b.     Cortex
c.      Epiblema
d.     Endodermis
15.             Heartwood differs from sapwood in:-
a.     Absence of vessels and parenchyma
b.     Presence of rays and fibres
c.      Being susceptible to pests and pathogens
d.     Having dead and non-conducting elements
16.             Select the false statement regarding Epithelial tissue?
a.     The cells of epithelial tissues are loosely packed with dense intercellular matrix.
b.     It has a free surface, which faces either a body fluid or the outside environment and thus provides a covering or a lining for protection.
c.      The lining epithelium of stomach and intestine is columnar in nature and helps in secretion and absorbtion.
d.     The function of ciliated epithelium is to move particles or mucus in a specific direction over the epithelium.
17.             Which one of the following is a loose connective tissue?
a.     Tendons
b.     Ligaments
c.      Cartilage
d.     Areolar
18.             Fill up A,B,C &D in the table below:-
A.    ____
Fusiform
Involuntary
Skeletal muscle
B.________
C.___________
Cardiac muscle
Striated
D.___________
a.     A-Smooth muscle,B-Non striated, C-voluntary, D- Voluntary
b.     A- Striped muscle, B-striated, C-involuntary, D- involuntary
c.      A- Smooth muscle, B- Striped, C-Voluntary, D- Involuntary
d.     A- Smooth muscle, B- Striated, C- Involuntary, D- Voluntary
19.             Select the false statement regarding vacuoles of a cell?
a.     Size of vacuoles are smaller in a plant cell as compared to an animal cell.
b.     Vacuole is bound by a single membrane called tonoplast.
c.      The osmoregulatory organ of amoeba i.e. contractile vacuole is a modification of vacuole.
d.     Vacuole stores water, sap, excretory product and other materials not useful for the cell.

20.             The two centrioles of a centrosome lies as _________ to each other.
a.     180O
b.     0O
c.      45O
d.     90O

21.The most abundant protein in the whole biosphere is?
a.     Collagen
b.     Insulin
c.      RuBisCo
d.     PepCo
22.__________ is a polymer of fructose.
a.     Glycogen
b.     Inulin
c.      Starch
d.     Chitin
23. Match the stages of Prophase-1 with the specific changes seen in them?
A.Leptotene
1. pairing of homologous chromosomes called synapsis
B.Zygotene
2. first stage of prophase-1
C.Diplotene
3. terminalisation of chiasmata
D.Diakinesis
4. dissolution of synaptonemal complex

a.     A-2,B-1,C-4,D-3
b.     A-2,B-1,C-3,D-4
c.      A-2,B-4,C-1,D-3
d.     A-2,B-3,C-4,D-2
24. The amount of DNA in Prophase 1 of Meiosis is denoted as ‘C’. What is the amount of DNA in Anaphase 1 and G1 phase of interphase respectively?
a.      C,C/2
b.     2C,4C
c.      C,2C
d.     C/2,C
25. A type of transport mechanism across cell membranes was highly selective, liable to saturate, requiring special membrane proteins, but could not perform uphill transport and did not use ATP as energy. These features indicate that the transport is?
a.     Simple diffusion
b.     Active transport
c.      Passive transport
d.     Facilitated transport


26. Three plant cells A,B and C were taken for an experiment and put in hypertonic,isotonic and hypotonic media respectively. After sometime certain changes were observed in them as shown in the diagram below. Choose the correct option regarding the changes observed in these cells?

                                   
    
    a  .     A-No change,B-turgid,C-plasmolysed
    b.     A-Plasmolysed, B-No change, C- Turgid
    c.      A-Plasmolysed,B-Turgid, D-No change
    d.     A-Plasmolysed,B- Will swell after sometime, C- Will burst after sometime

27.Which of the following is not a criteria to decide whether an element is essential or non-essential for a plant?
a.     In the absence of essential elements plants do not complete their life cycle or set their seeds
b.     Deficiency of any one essential element cannot be met by supplying some other element.
c.      The essential element must be directly involved in the metabolism of the plant.
d.     The essential must be present in plant tissues in large amounts (in excess of 10 mmole Kg –1 of dry matter)
28. Deficiency of which of the following elements does not lead to Chlorosis of leaves?
a.     Manganese
b.     Zinc
c.      Copper
d.     Molybdenum


29.How many ATPs are required to produce one NH3 from N2 during nitrogen fixation by the root nodules of leguminous plants?
a.     6 ATP
b.     2 ATP
c.      4 ATP
d.     8 ATP
30. Cyclic photophosphorylation results in the formation of?
a.     ATP
b.     NADPH
c.      ATP and NADPH
d.     ATP, NADPH and O2
31.Which one of the following is not true about the light reactions of photosynthesis?
a.     NADPH is not produced in cyclic electrons transport in light reactions.
b.     The flow of electrons from water to NADP in non-cyclic electron transport produces one ATP
c.      Reactions of the two photosystems are needed for the reduction of NADP
d.     P680 and P700 are the reaction centres of PS I and PS II respectively reactions
32.The synthesis of one molecule of glucose during Calvin cycle requires?
a.     6 molecules of ATP and 12 molecules of NADPH2
b.     12 molecules each of ATP and NADPH2
c.      12 molecules of ATP and 18 molecules of NADPH2
d.     18 molecules of ATP and 12 molecules of NADPH2
33.Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid. How many molecules of pyruvic acid are formed from one molecule of glucose :-
a.      1
b.      2
c.       3
d.      4
34.Link between glycolysis, kreb’s cycle and b-oxidation of fatty acid or carbohydrate and fat metabolism is?
a.     Succinyl Co A
b.     Acetyl Co A
c.      Citric acid
d.     Oxaloacetic acid



35.Which one of the following pairs, is not correctly matched?
a.     IAA – Cell wall elongation
b.     Abscisic acid – Stomatal closure
c.      Gibberellic acid – Leaf fall
d.     Cytokinin – Cell division
36.Statement 1-Liver is the largest gland of the body.
Statement 2-Each lobule of liver is covered by a thin connective tissue sheath called the Glisson’s capsule.
Statement 3-The common hepato-pancreatic duct is guarded by a sphincter called the sphincter of Boyden.
Statement 4- Duodenum is a ‘J’ shaped organ.
Statement 5-No digestion occurs in mouth.
How many of the above statements are correct?
a.     2
b.     3
c.      4
d.     All
37.The oxygen dissociation curve is shifted to the right by an increase in ______?
a.     H+ concentration
b.     pCO2
c.      Temperature
d.     All of these
38.Emphysema, a chronic disorder is high in cigarette smokers. In such cases the ______ of the person is/are found damaged.
a.     Trachea
b.     Alveolar walls
c.      Bronchioles
d.     Respiratory muscles
39. Heart is not pumping blood effectively enough to meet the needs of the body showing symptoms of congestion of lung – A
When the heart muscle is suddenly damaged by an inadequate blood supply due to atherosclerosis – B
Acute chest pain appears when enough oxygen is not reaching the heart muscle – C
Deposits of calcium, fat, cholesterol and fibrous tissues, which makes the lumen of arteries narrower – D
Heart stops beating – E
Choose appropriate terms for A,B,C,D&E?
a.     A-Heart failure B- Heart attack C- Angina pectoris D- Atherosclerosis E-Cardiac arrest
b.     A-Heart attack B-Heart failure C- Angina pectoris D- CAD E- cardiac arrest
c.      A- myocardial infarction B- cardiac arrest C- Angina D- Atherosclerosis E- Heart Block
d.     A- Heart attack B-Heart Block C- Atherosclerosis D- CAD E- Heart failure
40. Select the pair of uricotellic organism?
a.     Aquatic amphibians and aquatic insects
b.     Reptiles and birds
c.      Mammals and terrestrial amphibians
d.     Bony fishes and snails
41.Given below is an Electron microscopic structure of a myofibril. Label A, B, C, D and E?

                   
a.     A- A band , B- Z line , C- H Zone , D- I band , E- L-Line
b.     A- Sarcomere , B- M Line , C- H Zone , D- A band , E- I band
c.      A- Sarcomere , B- Z Line , C-  H Zone , D- I band , E- A band
d.     A- Sarcomere , B- Z Line , C- I Zone , D- A band , E- H Zone
42.Yellow bone marrow, in the medullary cavity of the diaphysis is primarily?
a.     Collagen fibres, made of protein
b.     Bone-forming and bone-absorbing cells
c.      Fat that can be utilized for energy
d.     None of these
43. Areas in the cerebral cortex that are neither clearly sensory nor motor in function and are responsible for complex functions like inter-sensory associations, memory and communication are known as?
a.     Corpus callosum
b.     Amygdala
c.      Association area
d.     Hippocampus


44.Choose the false statement?
a.     Photoreceptor cells are not present in the region of blind spot.
b.     Macula Lutea lies medial to the blind spot.
c.      The fovea is a thinned-out portion of the retina where only the cones are densely packed.
d.     Fovea is the point where visual acuity is the greatest.
45.Which among the following is not a peptide hormone?
a.     Thyroxine
b.     Insulin
c.      Glucagon
d.     Pituitary hormones
46.Which of the following is an incorrect match regarding the mode of reproduction of the concerned organism?
a.     Buds- Hydra
b.     Gemmules – Sponge
c.      Conidia- Penicillium
d.     Multiple fission – Amoeba
47.Choose the false statement regarding Strobilanthus kunthiana (Neelakuranji)?
a.     It flowers once in 12 years.
b.     This plant flowered during September-October 2006 last time.
c.      It flowers once every 50-100 years.
d.     Mass flowering of this flower transformed large tracks of hilly areas in Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu into blue stretches and attracted a large number of tourists.
48. A typical angiosperm anther is ___________ &____________.
a.     Multilobed , Multithecous
b.     Bilobed , Dithecous
c.      Multilobed , Dithecous
d.     Bilobed , Multithecous
49.Choose the false statement regarding Cleistogamous flowers?
a.     Cleistogamous flowers produce assured seed-set even in the absence of pollinators.
b.     They have exposed anthers and stigma.
c.      Cleistogamous flowers are invariably autogamous.
d.     They undergo self-fertilization that occurs within a permanently closed flower.


50.Which of the following is not a function of seeds?
a.     Better adaptive to stress conditons.
b.     Provides protection to the young embryo.
c.      Absorbs micronutrients for germination.
d.     Have food reserves for developing seedling.
51. Average number of seminiferous tubules in each testicular lobule is?
a.     1-3
b.     10-30
c.      3-6
d.     5-10
52. A- Formation of mature sperms.
B- Transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa.
C- Release of sperms from seminiferous tubules.
Select appropriate terms for A,B & C?
a.     A- Spermatogenesis, B- Spermiogenesis, C- Spermiation
b.     A- Spermatogenesis, B- Spermiation, C- Spermiogenesis
c.      A- Spermiogenesis, B- Spermiation, C- Spermatogenesis
d.     A- Spermiation, B-Spermiogenesis, C- Spermatogenesis
53.Which of the following is injected to induce delivery of a mature foetus?
a.     Progesterone
b.     Oxytocin
c.      Prolactin
d.     Cortisol
54. Which among them is a correct pair of completely incurable STDs?
a.     Syphillis and Gonorrhoea
b.     AIDS and Chlamydiasis
c.      Hepatitis – B and Syphillis
d.     AIDS and Genital herpes
55. Choose the false statement regarding the Multiload 375 IUD?
a.     It is a copper releasing IUD.
b.     It increases phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus and the Cu ions released suppress sperm motility and the fertilising capacity of sperms.
c.      It is an ideal contraceptive for the female who want to delay pregnancy and/or space children.
d.     It is a hormone releasing IUD that makes the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms.


56.Which of the following is not the statement of “Law of Dominance”?
a.     Characters are controlled by discrete units called factors.
b.      Factors occur in pairs.
c.      The alleles do not show any blending and that both the characters are recovered as such in the F2 generation.
d.     In a dissimilar pair of factors one member of the pair dominates (dominant) the other (recessive).
57.Klinefelter syndrome is usually diagnosed at puberty when expected physical changes don’t occur. The most common indications for karyotyping are hypogonadism and infertility. Frequently individuals with Klinefelter syndrome go through life without being diagnosed. The condition is not usually diagnosed at birth because the baby looks healthy and normal. But it can be diagnosed prenatally by analyzing the karyotype of cells from amniotic fluid. If this is the case, then parents have to be informed that their child is expected to?
a.      Have a shorter stature         
b.      Be more muscular than other kids
c.       Have normal sexual function and be able to father children
d.      Have enhanced breast development after puberty     
58. If father is having haemophilia, and mother is carrier of haemophilia. What percentage of their sons will have the disease?
a.     25%
b.     50%
c.      75%
d.     100%
59. Chromosomal theory was experimentally proven by?
a.     Sutton and Boveri
b.     Watson and Crick
c.      Thomas Hunt Morgan and colleagues
d.     Hugo De Vries, Tshermack and Correns
60.Which of the following best describes the parents in a testcross?
a.      One individual has the dominant phenotype and the other has the recessive phenotype.
b.      Both individuals are heterozygous.
c.      Both individuals have the dominant phenotype.
d.     Both individuals have the recessive phenotype.

61. DNA is the genetic material in majority of the organisms because it is chemically and structurally more stable than RNA. Which of the following features of RNA makes it less stable than DNA?
a.     RNA is known to be a catalytic molecule, hence it is reactive.
b.     2'-OH group present at every nucleotide in RNA is a reactive group.
c.      In RNA the uracil found at the place of thymine makes it labile.
d.     All of the above.

62. The triplet code of CAT in DNA is represented as __________ in mRNA and ________in tRNA.
a.     GAA, CAT
b.     CAT, CAT
c.      GUA, CAU
d.     GTA, CAU   
63. Which of the following is not an example of divergent evolution?
a.     Bones of forelimb of mammals
b.     Thorn and Tendrils of Bougainvillea and Cucurbita
c.      Wings of butterfly and of birds
d.     Vertebrate hearts or brains             
64.  Which among the following gas was not used in Miller’s experiment?
a.     NH4
b.     NH3
c.      CH4
d.     H2             
65. Obesity, Cancer, Malaria, Diabetes, Amoebiasis, Leprosy, Tuberculosis, Hypertension, Blindness, Ascariasis, AIDS, Cirrhosis. How many among the given diseases are non-infectious in nature?
a.     5
b.     6
c.      4
d.     7
66.Which of the following is not a clinical feature of pneumonia?
a.     Fever with chills
b.     Cough and chest pain
c.      Cyanosis of lips and finger tips
d.     Diarrhoea and dysentery


67.Label A,B,C&D properly in the structure of antibody.

a.     A- antigen binding site, B- light chain, C- heavy chain, D- carboxy terminal
b.     A- NH2 binding site, B- light chain, C- heavy chain , D- H2L2
c.      A- Antigen binding site, B- heavy chain , C- light chain , D- antibody binding site
d.     A- H2L2 , B- light chain, C- heavy chain, D-disulfide bond

68. Match the following?
A.    Heroin
1.     Erythroxylum coca
B.     Marijuana
2.     Hallucinogenic
C.     Cocaine
3.     Smack
D.    Datura
4.     Cannabis sativa
a.     A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
b.     A-4,B-3,C-1,D-2
c.      A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1
d.     A-2, B-3, C-4, D-2
69."Jaya" and "Ratna" developed for green revolution in India are the varieties of?
a.     Bajra
b.     Maize
c.      Rice
d.     Wheat
70. “Parbhani Kranti” is associated with modification of?
a.     Bhindi
b.     Wheat
c.      Chilli
d.     Cauli flower

71. Most common species of honey bee used in Apiculture is?
a.     Apis dorsata
b.     Apis indica
c.      Apis florea
d.     Melipona irridipennis
72. Cyclosporine A, that is used as an immunosuppressive agent in organ-transplant patients is produced by the fungus __________?
a.     Trichoderma polyspermum
b.     Monascus purpureus
c.      Saccharomyces cerevesiae
d.     Aspergillus niger
73. A sewage treatment process in which a part of decomposer bacteria present in the wastes is recycled into the starting of the process is called
a.     Primary treatment
b.     Activated sludge treatment
c.      Cyclic treatment
d.     Tertiary treatment
74.Which one of the following is a wrong matching of a microbe and its industrial product, while the remaining three are correct?
a.     Clostridium butylicum - lactic acid
b.     Aspergillus niger - citric acid
c.      Yeast - statins
d.     Acetobacter aceti - acetic acid
75. Advancement in genetic engineering has been possible due to the discovery of?
a.     Oncogenes
b.     Transposons
c.      Restriction endonuclease
d.     Exonucleases

76. DNA segment of an organism was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis and then stained by ethidium bromide to see under UV light, what colour would you expect the DNA to be seen as?
a.     Red
b.     Orange
c.      Blue
d.     Black


77.Select the false statement regarding Biolistics / Gene gun?
a.     It is suitable for plant cells
b.     The cells are bombarded with high velocity micro-particles of gold or tungsten coated with DNA
c.      This method uses 'disarmed pathogen' vectors, which when allowed to infect the cell, transfer the recombinant DNA into the host cells.
d.     Recombinant DNA is directly injected into the nucleus of the cell.
78. PCR proceeds in three distinct steps governed by temperature, they are in order of
a.     Annealing, Synthesis, Denaturation
b.     Synthesis, Annealing, Denaturation
c.      Denaturation, Annealing, Synthesis
d.     Denaturation, Synthesis, Annealing
79.The protein products of the following Bt toxin genes cry IA c and cry II Ab are responsible for controlling
a.     Bollworm
b.     Roundworm
c.      Moth
d.     Fruit fly
80.What is the major problem in use of insulin extracted from pancreas of slaughtered cattle and pigs?
a.     It causes allergy and hypersensitivity reactions in some individuals
b.     Higher doses are required
c.      Gets digested by digestive juices
d.     Not absorbed properly into the circulation
81.  Milk from the first transgenic cow, Rosie has more _________ than the milk produced by the natural cow.
a.     Carbohydrates
b.     Unsaturated fat
c.      Proteins
d.     All of the above
82.  Such organisms which can tolerate and thrive in a wide range of temperatures are known as?
a.     Eurythermal
b.     Holothermal
c.      Stenothermal
d.     Cryothermal

83. Some snails and fishes go into a summer sleep to avoid problems of heat and dessication. This phenomenon is known as?
a.     Hibernation
b.     Conformation
c.      Aestivation
d.     Regulation
84. Biological control methods adopted in agricultural pest control are based on which principle of population interaction?
a.     Mutualism
b.     Parasitism
c.      Commensalism
d.     Predation
85. Which of the following equation gives the correct relationship between gross primary productivity (GPP) , net primary productivity (NPP) and respiratory loses (R )?
a.     NPP - R= GPP
b.     GPP – R = NPP
c.      GPP+ NPP = R
d.     None of the above
86. Select the true statement regarding Decomposition?
a.     It is largely an oxygen-requiring process.
b.     It involves break down complex inorganic matter into organic substances.
c.      Detritivores break down detritus into smaller particles by the process of leaching.
d.     Decomposition rate is faster if detritus is rich in lignin and chitin.
87. For majority of the species, regardless of their taxa or the region in which they live, the value of regression coefficient (Z) lies in the range of?
a.     3-4
b.     0.1-0.2
c.      1.5-3.5
d.     30-40
88. The introduction of Nile perch into Lake Victoria in east Africa led eventually to the extinction of an ecologically unique assemblage of more than 200 species of Cichlid fish in the lake. This is an example of which type of biodiversity loss?
a.     Alien species invasion
b.     Habitat loss
c.      Over exploitation
d.     Co extinction
89. In the given diagram of Electrostatic precipitator. Which of the following option correctly represent A,B,C,D,E and F ?

90. Pollutants from man’s activities like effluents from the industries and homes can radically accelerate the aging process of lakes. This phenomenon is known as?
a.     Radical destruction
b.     Accelerated Eutropication
c.      Cultural Eutropication

d.     Both “b” and “c” .

ANSWER SHEET- FTP-1(BRIEF EXPLANATION)

       1.      D. Cellular organisation of the body is the defining feature of life forms. NCERT 11- P-4&5.
      2.      C. Systematics deals with study of different kinds of organisms and their diversities, and also the relationships among them. NCERT 11 -P-8.
3.      A. R.H.Whittaker NCERT 11-P-17
4.      B. Heterocysts – NCERT 11-P-19
5.      D. Tobacco mosaic virus- size smaller than bacteria- no virus has both DNA and RNA as genetic material. NCERT 11-P-26
6.      A. Chlorella and Spirulina- NCERT 11-P-32
7.      B. Bryophytes. In Bryophytes Zygotes do not undergo reduction division immediately. They produce a multicellular body called a sporophyte. The sporophyte is not free-living but attached to the photosynthetic gametophyte and derives nourishment from it. Some cells of the sporophyte undergo reduction division (meiosis) to produce haploid spores.  These spores germinate to produce gametophytes. NCERT-11-P-35
8.      B. hygroscopic-capacity to hold water. NCERT-11-P-35
9.      C. Sea pen- Pennatula belongs to coelenterate. NCERT-11-P-50
10.  D. Lamprey (Petromyzon) and Hagfishes (Myxine) NCERT-11-P-56
11.  C. Read specific features of given phylum- NCERT- 11- Chap-4
12.  D. NCERT-11-P-67
13.  B. Pulvinus -In leguminous plants the leafbase is swollen. NCERT-11-P-70
14.  D. Endodermis- NCERT-11-P-91
15.  D. NCERT -11-P-96
16.  A. The epithelial cells are compactly packed with little intercellular matrix. NCERT-11-P-101
17.  D. areolar tissue and adipose tissue are loose connective tissue. NCERT-11-P-103
18.  C. NCERT-11- P-104/105
19.  A. In plant cells the vacuoles can occupy up to 90 per cent of the volume of the cell. NCERT-11-P-134
20.  D. the centrioles in a centrosome lie perpendicular to each other. NCERT-11-P-137
21.  C. Ribulose bisphosphate Carboxylase-Oxygenase (RuBisCO) is the most abundant protein in the whole of the biosphere. NCERT-11-P-148
22.  B. inulin is a polymer of fructose-NCERT-11-P-148
23.  A. NCERT-11-P-168
24.  A. Amount of DNA doubles in S phase-hence it is half in G1 phase and remains constant in all phases of Meiosis 1,but again becomes half at the end of Meiosis 1.
25.  D. Table 11.1 NCERT -11-P-178
26.  B. figure 11.5 NCERT-11-P-182
27.  D. Criteria for essentiality- NCERT-11-P-195
28.  C. Copper- NCERT-11-P-199
29.  D. 8 ATP – NCERT-11-P-204
30.  A. ATP- NCERT-11-P-213
31.  D. In PS I the reaction centre chlorophyll a has an absorption peak at 700 nm, hence is called P700, while in PS II it has absorption maxima at 680 nm, and is called P680. NCERT-11-P-211
32.  D. NCERT-11-P-218
33.  B. Acetyl Co-A
34.  B
35.  C
36.  A .2- Statement 1 and 2 are correct.
37.  D. all of these – NCERT-11-P-274
38.  B. Alveolar walls – NCERT-11-P-275
39.  A. NCERT-11-P-288
40.  B. NCERT- 11- P-290
41.  C. Figure 20.2 NCERT-11-P-305
42.  C
43.  C. Association area- NCERT-11-P-321
44.  B. At the posterior pole of the eye lateral to the blind spot, there is a yellowish pigmented spot called macula lutea with a central pit called the fovea. NCERT-11-P-324
45.  A. NCERT-11-P-338
46.  D. Amoeba reproduces by binary fission.
47.  C. NCERT-12-P-9
48.  B. NCERT-12-P-21
49.  B. NCERT-12-P-28
50.  C. NCERT-12-P-37,38
51.  A. NCERT-12-P-43- each lobule contains 1-3 seminiferous tubules.
52.  A. NCERT-12-P-47
53.  B. oxytocin drip- NCERT- 12- P-54
54.  D. NCERT-12-P-63- AIDS,Hepatitis- B, Genital Herpes are not completely curable.
55.  D. NCERT-12-P-60
56.  C.NCERT-12-P-75
57.  D. Enhanced breast size is a symptom of Klinifelter’s syndrome
58.  B. solve as sex linked recessive trait
59.  C. NCERT- 12- P-83
60.  A. Test cross- heterozygous recessive F1 (Dominant phenotype) crossed with its pure recessive parent (Recessive phenotype).
61.  D. NCERT- 12-P-97,103
62.  C – Follow the base pairing rules
63.  C- NCERT-12-P-130
64.  A. NCERT-12-127
65.  B. 6 – Obesity, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, blindness, cirrhosis are non-infectious/non-communicable diseases
66.  D. diarrhoea and dysentery is not seen in pneumonia
67.  A. NCERT-12-P-151- figure 8.4
68.  A. NCERT-12-P 158,159
69.  C. Rice – NCERT-12- P-173
70.  A. Bhindi- NCERT-12- P- 174
71.  B. Apis indica – NCERT-12-P-169
72.  A .Trichoderma polyspermum – NCERT-12-P-183
73.  B. NCERT-12-P-184
74.  A.
75.  C. NCERT-12-P-194-195
76.  B. Orange. NCERT-12-P-198
77.  D. NCERT-12-P-201
78.  C. NCERT-12-P-202
79.  A. Bollworm- NCERT-12-P-209
80.  A-NCERT-12-P-211
81.  C. Proteins- NCERT-12-P-213
82.  A. Eurythermal- NCERT-12-P-222
83.  C. NCERT-12-P-225
84.  D. Predation- NCERT-12-P-233
85.  B. NCERT-12-P- 243
86.  A. NCERT-12-P-243,244
87.  B. NCERT-12-P-262
88.  A. NCERT-12-P-265
89.  3. NCERT -12- P- 271- Figure 16.1
90.  D. NCERT -12- P-277 


Tuesday, November 29, 2016

PLANT KINGDOM

N C E R T -11-CHAPTER-3

PLANT KINGDOM


  • Artificial classification – oldest classification and it is based on few vegetative and sexual characters. 
  • Natural classification system – it is based on natural affinities among the organisms  in their external and internal features. 
  • Phylogenetic classification system–it is based on evolutionary relationship 
  • Numerical taxonomy – by using computers numbers and codes are assigned to all the characters and data are processed. 
  • Cytotaxonomy – it is based on cytological information like chromosome number, structure and behavior. 
  • Chemotaxonomy–it is based chemical constituents of the plants.

1.ALGAE:

  • Simple, thalloid, autotrophic, aquatic organisms. 
  • Habitats–grow in moist soil and wood. 
  • Symbiotic( Lichens) grow on other animals (sloth bear) 
  • Size ranges from Unicellular colonial (volvox),Filamentous ( spirogyra) and Massive bodies (kelp) 
  • Reproduce vegetatively, asexually and sexually 
  • Spores are Zoospores (male) isogamous / anisogamous; Oospores (egg).


Economic importance:
1. Porphyra, Laminaria,  Sargassum are used as food.
2. Marine brown algae (Algin) and red algae (Carrageen) are used as Hydrocolloids, which is a fibrous structure holds water  and used to transport seedling.
3. Gelidium, Graularia are usedtogrow microbes, makeice creams and jellies.
4. Chlorella and Spirullina are rich in proteins and used as food supplements.

Alage is divided into 3 main classes-
a) Chlorophyceae–green algae
b) Phaeophyceae–brown algae
c) Rhodophyceae–red algae

a)Chlorophycease(Green algae):  
Colonial / filamentous / unicellular 
Possess chlorophyll a & b 
Stored with proteins / starch 
Some store oil forms 
Cell wall is rigid and made of inner cellulose and outer pectose
Vegetative reproduction is by fragmentation / spores 
Asexual reproduction is biflagellated Zoospores 
Sexual reproduction is by isogamous / anisogamous / oogamous 
Examples :-Volvox, Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas

b)Phaeophyceae(Brown algae): 
Marine habitats–vary in size and form from simple branched to filamentous form, Kelp (100 m) possess chlorophyll a&c, carotenoid, Xanthophylls and Fucoxanthin. 
Food is stored as carbohydrates in the form of Laminarin / Mannitol 
They have cellulose wass with gelatinous coating of algin. 
They are attached to substratum by Holdfast (root like), Stalk (stipe) and leaf (frond) 
Vegetative reproduction by fragmentation 
Asexual reproduction is by biflagellated zoospores 
Sexual reproduction is by Isogamous / Anisogamous / Oogamous.
Examples :-Laminaria, Sargassum, Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Fucus.

c)Rhodophycease( Red algae): 
They have red pigment called “r-phycoerythrin”. 
They are marine. 
Food is stored as Floridean starch, which is similar to amylopectin and glycogen in structure. Vegetative reproduction is by fragmentation. 
Asexually by non-motile spores. 
Sexually by non-motile gametes.
Examples :-Porphyra, Gracilaria, Gelidium.

2.BRYOPHYTES :-
They live in moist shaded areas in the hill. 
It is known as “amphibians of plant kingdom”. 
They occur in damp soil, humid and shaded places. 
Plant body lacks true roots, stem, leaves, they are attached to the substratum by unicellular / multicellular Rhizoids. 
The main plant is haploid and they produce gametes (Gametophyte–dominant). 
The male sex organ is Antheridium (antherozoids) 
The female sex organ is Archegonium (single egg) 
Antherozoids are released in water come into contact with Archegonium to form Zygote. 
Zygote develops into Sporophyte (diploid) undergoes meiosis to form haploid spores germinate to produce Gametophyte.

Economic importance:- 
Provide food for herbaceous mammals / birds.
Sphagnum species (mosses) provide peat, used as a fuel. 
Due to its water holding capacity is is used as packing material for trans-shipment of living materials. Mosses and Lichens form Pioneer community on bare rocks. 
Form dense mats on soil, so reduce the impact of rain and soil erosion.
Classes: -There are two classes- Liverworts, Mosses.

a)Liverworts: 
Moist, shady habitats, damp soil, bark of trees and deep in the woods. 
Plant body is Thalloid, have a tiny leaf structures. 
Asexual reproduction is by fragmentation / form gemmae (gree, multicellular, asexual bodies) they detach from parent body and form as a new individual. 
Sexual reproduction form male & female sex organs sporophyte is differentiated into a foot, setae and capsule. Spore germinate to form gametophyte.
Example :-Marchantia

b)Mosses:
Gametophyte shows two stages- Protonema (spores) and Leafy stage (Secondary protonema) Attached to the soil by Rhizoids 
Vegetative reproduction is by fragmentation /budding 
Sexual reproduction is by antheridia and archegonia 
Zygote develops into sporophyte and form capsule and it contains spores (haploid)
Example :-Sphagnum, Funaria

3.PTERIDOPHYTES (first land plants):-
They are used for medical purpose, ornamental and as soil binders and first terrestrial plants.
They grow in cool, damp, shady places
Possess vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) 
Main plant body is Sporophytes 
The body is differentiated into true roots, stem and leaves.

Leaves may be small (microphylls–selaginella) or large (macrophylls–ferns) and bear sporangia and form sporophylls (leaf carrying spores). 
Sporangia produce spores by meiosis. 
Spore germinates to form gametophyte,called Prothallus. 
They need water for fertilization. 
Gametophyte bear male & female sex organs called Antheridia and Archaegonia respectively. Gamete fusion results in zygote formation. Zygote develops into sporophytes (dominant phase). 
If all the spores are similar kind, it is called Homospores. 
Selaginella produce two kinds of spores- Macro and Micro spores, hence known as Heterosporous.
Macro and Micro spores develop into female and male gametophytes respectively.
Female gametophyte retained on sporophyte. It leads to the development of seed habit.

Classes:-There are four classes in Pteridophytae;
a) Psilopsida–Ex.Psilotum 
b) Lycopsida–Ex.Selaginella 
c) Sphenopsida–Ex.Equisetum 
d) Pteropsida–Ex.Pteris

4. GYMNOSPERMS(Naked seeds)
They are seed bearing plants. 
The ovules are not enclosed in an ovary, so no fruits. 
Tallest gymnosperm is Sequoia (red wood tree) 
Plant body is differentiated into roots, stems and leaves 
Roots are tap root – associated with other organisms like Pinus roots with Mycorrhizae and Cycas roots with Cyanobacteria like Nostoc and Anabaena(nitrogen fixing microbes) 
Stem can be branched / unbranched 
Leaves are simple / needle like–leaves show Xerophytic adaptation 
Gymnosperms are heterosporous, produce microspores and megaspores 
They form male cones & female cones 
Both cones can occur on some plant / different.
Fertilization results in Zygote and embryo develops. 
Ovules form seeds. 
Gymnosperms show diplontic life cycle. 
They show Alternation of generation.
Examples ;-Pinus, Cycas, Cedrus.

5. ANGIOSPERMS(Flowering plants)-
They are flowering plants
Seeds are covered by fruits–live in wide range of habitats. 
Size variesfrom tiny microscopic Wolfia to tall trees Eucalyptus. 
Provide food, fodder, fuel and medicine. 
There are two classes:- 
Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons. 
Male sex organ is Stamen and Female is Pistil. 
Ovules have embryo sac; it undergoes meiosis and form egg apparatus with one egg and 2 synergids, 3 antipodal cells and 2 polar nuclei.
Polar nuclei fuses to form secondary polar nucleus. 
Pollen dispersal is by pollination – pollen tube grows in to stigma and style of pistil, one male gamete fuses with egg and form zygote and other male gamete fuses with secondary polar nucleus (2n) to form Primary Endosperm Nucleus (PEN-3n).
Due to two fusions, it is called Double fertilization.
a) Zygote ----->Embryo 
b) PEN -----> Endosperm (and nourishes embryo)
c) Synergids and antipodal cells ----->degenerate 
d) Ovules----->seeds 
e) Ovary----->Fruits


Wednesday, November 23, 2016

Biology facts

#BIOLOGY_FACTS
#QUICK_REVISION


  • Number of bones - 206
  • Number of muscles - 639
  • Number of kidneys - 2
  • Number of milk teeth - 20
  • Number of ribs - 24 (12 pairs)
  • Number of chambers in the heart - 4
  • Largest artery - Aorta
  • Normal Blood pressure - 120 - 80
  • pH of blood - 7.4
  • Number of vertebrae in the spine - 33
  • Number of vertebrae in the Neck - 7
  • No of bones in middle Ear - 6
  • Number of bones in Face - 14
  • Number of bones in Skull - 22
  • Number of bones in Chest - 25
  • Number of bones in Arms - 6
  • Number of bones in each human ear - 3 {malleus,incus,stapes}
  • Number of muscles in the human arm - 72
  • Number of pumps in heart - 2 -S A Node, A V Node
  • Largest organ - Skin
  • Largest gland - Liver
  • Smallest cell - Blood cell
  • Biggest cell - Egg cell (ovum)
  • Smallest bone - Stapes
  • First transplanted organ - Heart
  • Average length of small intestine - 7 m
  • Average length of large intestine - 1.5 m
  • Average weight of new born baby - 2.6 kg.
  • Pulse rate in one minute - 72 times
  • Body Temperature - 36.9o C (98.4o F)
  • Average blood volume - 4 - 5 liters
  • Average life of RBC - 120 days
  • Pregnancy period - 280 days
  • Number of bones in human foot - 33
  • Number of bones in each wrist - 8
  • Number of bones in hand - 27
  • Largest endocrine gland - Thyroid
  • Largest lymphatic organ - Spleen
  • Largest cell - Nerve cell
  • Largest part of brain - Cerebrum
  • Largest & strongest bone - Femur
  • Smallest muscle - Stapedius (Middle ear )
  • Number of chromosomes in human cell - 46 (23 pairs)
  • Number of bones in New born body - 300
  • Largest muscle - Buttock (Gluteus Maximus)

Monday, November 21, 2016

MNEMONICS

MNEMONICS

1. Prolactin and oxytocin functions.
    PROlactin stimulates the mammary glands to PROduce milk. 
    Oxytocin stimulates the mammary glands to Ooze (release) milk.

2. Hirsutism vs Virilism 
    Hirsutism: Hair on body like a male. 
    Virilism: Voice and rest of secondary sexual characteristics like a male.

3. Coagulation common pathway factors in order 
    10 + 5 - 2 = 13 
    Coagulation common pathway:- Factor X to Factor V to Factor II to Factor XIII

4. Hydrophobic Vs Hydrophilic amino acids

Friday, November 4, 2016

HUMAN REPRODUCTION

HUMAN REPRODUCTION

Notes based strictly on NCERT for rapid revision:-



The Male Reproductive System
It consists of :

  • The primary sex organs i.e. a pair of testes 
  • The secondary sex organs i.e. the duct system and the associated glands
  • External genitalia

Testes

  • Scrotum – a pouch in which testes are situated
  • Testicular lobules
  • Seminiferous tubules – contains Spermatogonia and Sertoli cells- Leydig cells

Accessory Ducts

  • Rete testis
  • Vasa efferentia 
  • Epididymis 
  • Vas deferens
  • Urethra

Accessory Glands

  • A pair of seminal vesicles
  • Prostate gland
  • Bulbourethral gland

Secretions of these glands constitute the seminal plasma rich in fructose , calcium and certain enzymes .
Secretions of bulbourethral glands also help in lubrication of penis.

External Genitalia

  • The penis is the external genitalia in human males .
  • It is made up of special erectile tissue that helps in erection of the penis to facilitate insemination.

The enlarged tip of the penis is called glans penis covered by foreskin/prepuce.


The Female Reproductive system
It consists of :

  • The primary sex organ that is a pair of ovaries 
  • Secondary sex organs- the duct system consisting of a pair of fallopian tube , a uterus , cervix and vagina 
  • External genitalia 
  • Mammary glands

Ovaries

  • Produce female gametes called ova 
  • Located in abdominal cavity
  • Each ovary is almond shaped body 
  • Coved by a thin epithelium , enclosing the ovarian stroma 
  • Stroma is divided into 2 regions :
             1.       Peripheral cortex
             2.       Inner medulla

Fallopian Tube

  • Part closer to ovary-funnel shaped infundibulum 
  • Infundibulum possesses finger like projections-fimbriae 
  • Wider part of oviduct –ampulla 
  • Last part of oviduct-isthmus

Uterus

  • Covered by three layered wall:
  1. Perimetrium – outer most layer 
  2. Myometrium- middle layer
  3. Endometrium-inner most layer

External Genitalia

  • Mons pubis – cushion of fatty tissues covered by skin and pubic hair
  • Labia majora – fleshy folds of tissue extending down from mons pubis ,  surrounding the vaginal opening
  • Labia minora – paired folds of tissue under labia majora 
  • Clitoris – tiny finger-like structure which lies at the upper junction of the two labia minora , above the urethral opening
  • Hymen – a membrane covering the opening of vagina partially


Mammary Glands

  • Consists of glandular tissue and variable amount of fat
  • Glandular tissue divided into 15-20 mammary lobes
  • Each lobe contains clusters of cells called alveoli opening into mammary tubules
  • Mammary tubules join to form mammary duct
  • Mammary ducts join to form mammary ampulla connected to lactiferous duct 
  • Milk secreted by cells of alveoli, stored in the lumen of alveoli

GAMETOGENESIS
The process of formation of gametes is called gametogenesis 
It is of two types:
1. Spermatogenesis in males
2. Oogenesis in females

1.  Spermatogenesis
The process of formation of sperms in males is called spermatogenesis

  • The spermatogonia present on the inner wall of seminiferous tubules multiply by mitotic division and form primary spermatocytes.
  • Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis.
  • Primary spermatocytes complete 1st meiotic division, forms 2 equal haploid secondary spermatocytes 
  • Secondary spermatocytes undergo 2nd meiotic division to form 4 haploid spermatids 
  • Spermatids transform into spermatozoa (sperms) - spermiogenesis 
  • Sperm heads get embeded in sertoli cells, finally released from seminiferous tubules -spermiation 

Hormonal control of spermatogenesis

  • Spermatogenesis initiated due to increase in secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone by hypothalamus
  • Increase in GnRH act on anterior pituitary and stimulate secretion of two gonadotropins, LH and FSH
  • LH acts on Leydig cells and stimulates them to secrete androgens.
  • FSH acts on Sertoli cells, stimulates secretion of some factors which help in spermiogenesis 

Structure of Sperm

  • Composed of head, neck, middle piece and a tail.
  • Plasma membrane envelopes the whole body of sperm 
  • Sperm head contains an elongated haploid nucleus, the anterior portion of which is covered a cap like structure, acrosome.
  • Acrosome- filled with enzymes that help fertilisation of ovum
  • Middle piece possesses numerous mitochondria-energy for movement of tail
  • Sperms released from the seminiferous tubules are transported by the accessory ducts .
  • Secretions of epididymis , vas deferens , seminal vesicle , prostate – essential for maturation and motility of sperms
  • Semen – seminal plasma along with sperms 
  • Functions of male accessory glands controlled by testicular hormones (androgens)

2.  Oogenesis
The process of formation of a mature female gamete is called oogenesis 

  • Oogonia start division, enter into prophase I of meiosis - primary oocytes
  • Each primary oocyte gets surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells-primary follicle
  • Primary follicles gets surrounded by more layers of granulosa cells-secondary follicles
  • Secondary follicle transforms into a tertiary follicle characterised by a fluid filled cavity called antrum
  • The primary oocyte within the tertiary follicle grows in size, completes 1st meiotic division
  • It results in unequal division, formation of large haploid secondary oocyte and tiny 1st polar body
  • Tertiary follicle changes into graafian follicle
  • Secondary oocyte forms a new membrane-zona pellucida
  • Ovulation – graafian follicle ruptures to release the secondary oocyte (ovum) from the ovary

Menstrual cycle

The cyclic changes that occur in the reproductive organs of primate females is called menstrual cycle
The events in a menstrual cycle can be studied under four phases


  • Menstrual phase
  1. It lasts for 3-5 days
  2. It results due to breakdown of endometrial lining of uterus and its blood vessels


  • Follicular phase
  1. Endometrium is regenerated by proliferation of its cells
  2. These changes are due to increased levels of FSH , LH, Estrogen 
  3. FSH controls follicular phase, stimulates growth of follicles , secretion of Estrogen
  4. FSH and LH reach their peak level in the middle of the cycle


  • Ovulatory phase
  1. Peak level of LH induces rupture of mature graafian follicle and release of ovum-ovulation


  • Luteal phase
  1. Ruptured follicle transforms into corpus luteum 
  2. It secretes large quantities of progesterones 



  • In absence of fertilisation, corpus luteum degenerates. This causes disintegration of endometrium 


  • Menstrual cycle cease at the age of 45 - 50  menopause.


Fertilisation and Implantation

The process of fusion of a sperm with an ovum is called fertilisation.

Fertilisation can only occur if the ovum and sperms are transported simultaneously to the ampullary – isthmic junction.

Events during fertilisation :

  • Sperm comes in contact with zona pellucida 
  • Induces changes in membrane that block entry of additional sperms
  • Secretions of acrosome help sperm enter the cytoplasm of ovum 
  • Meiotic division of secondary oocyte 
  • Haploid ovum and 2nd polar body formed
  • Formation of zygote

Implantation

  • zygote moves towards uterus
  • Blastomeres (2,4,8,16 daughter cells)
  • morula (8-16 blastomeres)
  • blastocyst 
  • Blastomeres in blastocyst arrange into an outer layer trophoblast and an inner group of cells attached to trophoblast 
  • Blastocyst gets embedded in endometrium of uterus (implantation)
  • Uterine cells rapidly divide and cover the blastocyst 

Pregnancy and embryonic development

  • Inner layer grows out as finger like projections called villi into the uterine stroma
  • Chorionic villi and uterine tissue get interdigitated to form placenta
  • Placenta secretes hormones like hCG , hPL , estrogens , progesterones (to maintain pregnancy)
  • Inner cell mass differentiates into an outer layer called ectoderm and an inner layer called endoderm
  • Mesoderm appears between ectoderm and endoderm
  • Stem cells (undifferentiated embryonic cells)

Features of embryonic development


  • The human pregnancy lasts for 9 months
  • 1st month – embryo’s heart is formed
  • 2nd month – foetus develops limbs and digits
  • 12 weeks (1st trimester) – major organ systems are formed
  • 5th month – 1st movements of foetus and appearance of hair on head
  • 24 weeks (2nd trimester) – body covered with fine hair , eye lids separate , eye lashes formed

Parturition and Lactation

  • Gestation period – 9 months
  • Parturition – the process of delivery of the foetus (childbirth)
  • Signals for parturition originate from the fully developed fetus and placenta inducing mild uterine contractions called Foetal ejection reflex
  • It triggers the release of oxytocin from maternal pituitary
Oxytocin acts on uterine muscle, causes stronger uterine contractions, which in turn stimulates further secretion of oxytocin.

Lactation

  • The mammary glands undergo differentiation during pregnancy and starts producing milk towards the end of pregnancy by the process called lactation.
  • The milk produced during the initial few days of lactation – colostrum
  • It contains several antibodies essential to develop resistance for new-borns.